Degumming [Oil]

Fats and oils contain complex compounds referred to as phosphatides, or more commonly as gums. They are removed during processing by a variety of treatments collectively referred to as degumming. The process involves treatment with water, or phosphoric acid, or polybasic organic acids, either individually or in combination, followed by centrifuging the precipitated material or by its absorption on a bleaching earth or filter.

Deodorization [Oil]

This process involves removal of those trace components, present in all edible oils, which give rise to odors and flavors. It is accomplished by the application of heat, steam and vacuum.

Discolored rice

• Paddy rice can ferment if exposed to wet conditions before it is dry. This can cause the rice to have an unattractive yellow appearance after milling which will downgrade its quality.
• Add to this the potential for microorganisms and fungi to grow around the germ end of the brown rice kernel (which can cause black spots), and you soon realize that keeping the paddy rice dry between harvesting and drying is essential to avoid discolored grains

Drying capacity [Oil]

Fats and fatty oils may dry under the action of atmospheric oxygen, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. linoleic glycerides) absorbing oxygen and peroxides (e.g. linoxyn) forming a tough, resinified mass. This phenomenon is of particular significance during cargo handling and tank cleaning. Depending on their iodine value, fats and fatty oils are divided as follows in accordance with their drying capacity

• Nondrying oils: Iodine values are below 100.
• Semidrying oils: Iodine values range from 100 - 130.
• Drying oils: Drying oils have iodine values ranging from 130 - 190

Dunnage

Dunnage is the name for the materials used in holds and containers to protect goods and their packaging from moisture, contamination and mechanical damage. Dunnage may include plastic films, jute coverings, tarpaulins, wood (wooden dunnage), rice matting, nonwovens, liner bags or also inlets etc.. Depending on the use to which it is put, dunnage may be divided into floor, lateral, interlayer and top dunnage.